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Egypt


 
Downtown Cairo and the 6th October Bridge over the Nile
A view of downtown Cairo and the 6th October Bridge over the Nile from Cairo Tower. The riverfront skyscrapers on the Nile Corniche are the Ramses Hilton Hotel, the Maspero Television Building and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Image: Jorge Láscar

 
Location map of Egypt. Where in the world is Egypt?
Location map of Egypt


Flag of Egypt
Flag of Egypt



Egypt in brief

Destination Egypt, a Nations Online profile of the transcontinental country situated in northeastern Africa and the Sinai Peninsula in Western Asia (Middle East).
The country borders the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Gulf of Suez and the Red Sea to the east. It is bordered by Libya in the west, the Palestinian territory (Gaza Strip) and Israel in the northeast, and Sudan in the south. Egypt shares maritime borders with Cyprus, Turkey and Greece in the Mediterranean Sea, and with Jordan and Saudi Arabia in the Red Sea.

Modern Egypt became independent in 1922. From 1958 until 1961, Egypt was united with Syria as the United Arab Republic.

The Arab Republic of Egypt (its official name) covers an area of 1 million km², which is about twice the size of France or more than twice the size of the US State of California.
Large parts of the country are covered by the sparsely populated desert areas of the Eastern Sahara. The country's main population is concentrated on the alluvial plains of the Nile Valley, the Nile Delta, the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern coastal areas of the Red Sea. Only an estimated 6 to 7% of the territory of Egypt is inhabited.

With 102.2 million inhabitants (2021), Egypt is the most populous country in the Arab world. The capital and largest city is Cairo. Spoken language is Modern Standard Arabic; the colloquial language is the Egyptian-Arabic dialect (Masri).
Egypt has the largest Muslim population in the Arab world; an estimated 85-90% of the population is Sunni Muslim, 10–15% are Coptic Christians. Islam is state religion and controls many aspects of social life.


What is Egypt famous for?


Aerial view of the Giza Pyramids
Aerial view of the Giza Pyramids. In the background is the Great Pyramid of Giza, also known as the Pyramid of Cheops. It is the oldest and largest of the pyramids in the pyramid complex, constructed about 4600 years ago for Khnum Khufu, the second pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty. The pyramid in the foreground was built for the pharaoh Khafre, dating to c. 2570 BCE.
Image: Ahmed al-Badawy

What comes to your mind when you think of Egypt?

The pyramids, the River Nile, oases with date palms, pharaohs like Khufu, Tutankhamun and Ramses II, Egyptian mummies and coffins, Nefertiti, Cleopatra, the Library of Alexandria, River Nile Cruises, the Karnak temples at Luxor, papyrus and Feluccas (sailing boats).

Egypt is most famous for the Nile River, which is considered the longest river in the world and the life source of the country. Except for the Nile Valley and the Delta, most of Egypt's landscape consists of desert - the eastern part of the Sahara. Egypt's Western Desert is actually the eastern portion of the Sahara, which extends from the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea.

Egypt is known for the Great Pyramids of Giza, the greatest royal tombs ever built. The Great Sphinx, the enormous ancient Egyptian stone monument on the Giza Plateau with a lion's body and a human head.
Abu Simbel, the two huge rock temples from the 13th century BCE, which had to be moved uphill in the 20th century so that they were not flooded by the waters of the dammed Nile.
The Suez Canal is a 190 km (120 mi) long artificial waterway connecting the Red Sea to the Mediterranean; it is the shortest shipping route between Europe and the countries in South Asia and the Far East.
The Egyptian Museum in Cairo is famous for housing the largest collection of pharaonic antiquities in the world.
The Siwa Oasis is a 50 km long oasis in the Egyptian part of the Libyan Desert.


Arab Republic of Egypt | Jumhūrīyat Miṣr al-ʻArabīyah


Background:

In about 3100 B.C., Egypt was united under a ruler known as Mena, or Menes, who inaugurated the 30 pharaonic dynasties into which Egypt's ancient history is divided -- the Old and the Middle Kingdoms and the New Empire. The pyramids at Giza (near Cairo), which were built in the fourth dynasty, testify to the power of the pharaonic religion and state.

Egypt is the most populous country in the Arab world. Nominally independent from the UK in 1922, Egypt acquired full sovereignty following World War II.
The completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1971 and the resultant Lake Nasser have altered the time-honored place of the Nile River in the agriculture and ecology of Egypt.

A rapidly growing population (the largest in the Arab world), limited arable land, and dependence on the Nile are straining resources and putting stress on society. The government has long struggled to ready the economy for the new millennium through economic reform and massive investment in communications and physical infrastructure.

In January 2011, a popular protest began against the Mubarak government. The objective of the demonstrations was for the removal of President Mubarak from power. Hosni Mubarak ruled the country on 14 October 1981. The former Egyptian politician and a military commander was ousted after 18 days of demonstrations during what is today known as the 2011 Egyptian revolution.
(Source: various sources)

Egypt is a member state of the League of Arab States.


 


Country Profile

Official Name:
Jumhuriyat Misr al-Arabiyah
Short form: Misr
Int'l short form: Egypt
Int'l long form: Arab Republic of Egypt
former: United Arab Republic (with Syria)

ISO Country Code: eg, EGY

Actual Time: Mon-Mar-18  02:23
Local Time = UTC +2h
Egypt does not observe Daylight Saving Time (DST) since 2011.

Country Calling Code: +20

Capital City: Cairo (al-Qa hirah)
(pop. estimated 10 million in the metropolitan area)


Other Cities:
Alexandria (6 million), Aswan, Asyut, Giza, Port Said, Suez, Ismailia

...show more



 


Official Sites of Egypt


Egypt's new Parliament Building
Design image of the new Egyptian parliament building in a stripped neoclassicism style. The New Administrative Capital (NAC) in the desert, 45km east of Cairo, is a gigantic project of a planned city that has been under construction since 2015. The New Egyptian Administrative Capital (NAC) east of Cairo is a massive project of a planned city that has been under construction since 2015. Egypt's new capital comes with a price tag of an estimated $45 -58 billion.
Image: Egypt Ministry of Housing Utilities & Urban Development


Egypt politics takes place in a hard-line autocracy. Since 2011, Egypt has been in a transitional phase, and a valid constitution does not yet exist. Long-time President Husni Mubarak was overthrown in February 2011. Then elected president Mohammed Mursi took office in 2012 but ruled in an authoritarian manner. He was ousted in a military coup in 2013. Since then, military commander and former defense minister Abd al-Fattah as-Sisi has ruled the country. Constitutional amendments were adopted in a tightly controlled referendum in April 2019 that further concentrated power in the hands of President Sisi and authorized him to remain in office until 2030.
The Egyptian government is de jure a semi-presidential system of government; de facto, Egypt is run by a military junta that has taken over the government and, increasingly, the private sector. [CEIP]


Government
Note: External links will open in a new browser window.


The Egyptian Presidency
President of the Arab Republic of Egypt.

Egyptian Government Services Portal
Egypt's government portal.

Cabinet of Ministers
Official website of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Arab Republic of Egypt.

Egypt's People Assembly
The Egypt Parliament.

Egypt State Information Service
Government news service.


Ministry of Foreign Affairs
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Arab Republic of Egypt is offline.

Diplomatic Missions

Egyptian Embassy in Germany
Egyptian Embassy in Berlin
Embassy of Egypt to the U.S.
Embassy of Egypt in Washington D.C.


Statistics
CAPMAS
The Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics.

Weather
Egyptian Meteorological Authority (EMA)

 

 


 


Maps of Egypt



Map showing Egypt and surrounding countries
Map of Egypt (click map to enlarge)
Image: © nationsonline.org


Maps


profile Map of Egypt
Political Map of Egypt.
Administrative Map of Egypt
The map shows the governorates of Egypt.

Google Earth Google Earth Egypt
Searchable map/satellite view of Egypt.
Google Earth Google Earth Cairo
Searchable map/satellite view of Egypt's capital city.
Google Earth Google Earth Alexandria
Searchable map/satellite view of Egypt's second-largest city Alexandria.
Google Earth Pyramids near Cairo
Satellite view of the Pyramids.
Google Earth Google Earth: Sahara in Southern Egypt
Satellite view/map of Irrigation in the Sahara in South Egypt.


Map of Sinai Peninsula
Map of the Red Sea
Map of the Red Sea with bordering countries.
Map of the Mediterranean Region
Map of the Mediterranean Sea with bordering countries.
profile Map of Western Asia
Map of South Western Asia and the Middle East.
Map of Northern Africa and the Middle East
Political Map of North Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and the Middle East.
Political Map of Africa
The 54 countries of Africa.
Map of Africa
Relief Map of Africa.

 

 


News of Egypt


Egypt Newsstand

Online News from Egypt


The press freedom situation is becoming more and more alarming in Egypt, with frequent waves of raids and arrests. Egypt is now one of the world's biggest jailers of journalists, with some spending years in detention without being charged or tried, and others being sentenced to long jail terms or even life imprisonment in iniquitous mass trials. [RSF]

The government is a major media player and operates numerous television and radio stations, websites, newspapers and magazines. The largest media company is reportedly owned by the intelligence service.
In recent years, the authorities have increased control over traditional and social media. There is little room for criticism of the government in the traditional media, including the private media. [BBC]


State Information Service
SIS is a state-run news service in major languages.

Egypt News in Arabic
Al-Ahram
Al-Ahram is Egypt's daily newspaper with the highest circulation.
Al-Misri al-Yawm
Al-Masry Al-Youm is a privately owned daily newspaper.
Al-Shuruq
Private run newspaper online.
El Tahrir
Home of several Arabic Newspapers.
Youm7
Al-Yawm al-Sabi is a major Egyptian privately owned daily newspaper.
Masrawy
First Egyptian news portal.


Egypt News in English
Daily News Egypt
Daily News Egypt is an English-language national and international news.
The Egyptian Gazette
The Egyptian Gazette is the oldest English-language daily newspaper in the Middle East.
Egypt Independent
English online version of Al-Masry Al-Youm.
Egypt Today
Egypt's monthly magazine covers politics, society, culture, travel, and the environment.
Middle East Time
The online edition of the Egypt-based magazine.

Middle East News Agency (MENA)
State-run Egyptian news agency attached to the Ministry of Information.


Television
Egypt Radio Television Union (ERTU)
The public broadcaster of Egypt. ERTU operates domestic and satellite networks, including Nile TV International and Nile TV thematic channels; it is run by the Egyptian government.

Dream TV
The private satellite network operates two channels: Dream 1, targeting young viewers and Dream 2, an entertainment channel.

Mehwar TV Channel
The private channel covers current events and has a particular focus on Egyptian topics.

Radio
Egypt Radio Television Union (ERTU)
The state-run ERTU operates eight national networks and the transnational services of Radio Cairo and Voice of the Arabs.

 

 


Arts & Culture of Egypt


Exhibition hall of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo
Exhibition hall of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo.
Image: wolf130265


Arts & Culture

Museums

Bibliotheca Alexandrina
An artificial lake and the Granite wall of Bibliotheca Alexandrina with letter carvings of various languages and scripts. The library and cultural center in the Egyptian port city of Alexandria opened in 2002 near the place of the ancient Library of Alexandria.
Image: Kostas Kokkinos

Bibliotheca Alexandrina
Bibliotheca Alexandrina is a library in the Egyptian port city of Alexandria. The complex also houses a cultural center with museums and galleries, several research institutes, an event center and a planetarium.

Grand Egyptian Museum
The Grand Egyptian Museum (GEM), also known as the Giza Museum, is under construction. After its inauguration, the Grand Egyptian Museum will be the largest archaeological museum in the world.

Mini Egypt Park
The open-air amusement park near Hurghada offers tours of miniature models of Egypt's most famous landmarks.

Egyptian Museum
The Museum of Egyptian Antiquities was founded in 1835; it is one of the largest museums in the region and houses the world's oldest collection of Pharaonic art and monuments. The Egyptian Museum in Cairo is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities
The ministry's guide to Egypt's monuments and museums.

Wikipedia W List of Museums in Egypt
Wikipedia list of museums in Egypt.


Visual Arts

Art Talk Egypt
Art Talk Egypt is a Cairo-based art space representing some of Egypt's contemporary artists.

Gallery Misr
A gallery for modern contemporary art from Egypt in Cairo.

UBUNTU art gallery
Ubuntu Art Gallery is a contemporary art gallery based in Cairo.

Nile Art Gallery
Exhibition space for modern and contemporary Egyptian art.



Cairo Opera House
Cairo Opera House is the city's main performing arts venue.
Image: Awoisoak

Musik
Cairo Opera House
The Cairo Opera House is part of the Cairo National Cultural Center and is the most important theater in the Egyptian capital.


El Mastaba Center for Egyptian Folk Music
A center for various styles of Egyptian folk music.

Cairo Jazz Festival

Annual international jazz festival on the banks of the Nile in Cairo.

Sandbox Festival
Sandbox is an electronic music festival held annually on the beach of El Gouna, north of Hurghada.

Wikipedia W Music of Egypt
Wikipedia article about traditional and modern music from Egypt.


Sultan Hassan and Al-Rifa'i mosques in Cairo
Mosque-Madrasa of Sultan Hasan (left) and Al-Rifa'i mosque (right) in the historic district of Cairo.
Image: neiljs
 

 


 


Business & Economy of Egypt

View of the Suez Canal and Peace Bridge
The Egypt-Japanese Friendship Bridge, also known as the Suez Canal Peace Bridge, connects the African continent with Asia. The 190 km long Suez Canal is one of the busiest and most important waterways in the world; it is the fastest shipping route between Europe and Asia. The 145-year-old waterway is now among the country's main sources of revenue, thanks to the Covid 19 pandemic, as foreign exchange earnings from remittances and tourism have plummeted.
Image: Luigi Rosa


Economy of Egypt
Egypt's economy is mainly based on agriculture, industry and services, income from remittances, the Suez Canal and tourism. The country's main exports are petroleum and natural gas, ready-made garments, cotton, fruits and vegetables, metal products and chemicals.
Egypt's largest employers are the government, followed by the garment and textile industries and tourism.
Egyptian cotton is world-famous. The country was the world's largest producer of long-staple cotton, but Egypt's cotton output has been declining for the past decade. [REUTERS]

Egypt is a major regional media player. The Egyptian press is one of the most influential and widely read in the region. The television and film industries supply much of the Arabic-speaking world with broadcasts from Media Production City.


Bank al-Markaz al-Misr
Central Bank of Egypt.

National Bank of Egypt
NBE is the oldest commercial bank in Egypt.

Egyptian Exchange (EGX)
The union of two exchanges, the Cairo and Alexandria Stock Exchanges.

Nile Stock Exchange (NILEX)
The market for growing medium and small companies.

Egyptian Stocks
Egyptian capital market stock quotes and market watch.

Egyptian Exporters Association
EEA is a non-profit organization founded by the Egyptian private sector exporters.

Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources
The Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources was established in March 1973 to manage the political role of petroleum resources before the war of 1973.

Egypt Yellow Pages
Egypt Yellow Pages is the official publisher of Yellow Pages in Egypt.


Major Companies in Egypt


Companies in Egypt

Arab American Vehicles
Arab American Vehicles is an Egyptian automobile manufacturer based in Cairo, Egypt.

Arab Cotton Ginning Company
The Cairo-based company is operating in the (cotton) textile and apparel industry.

Bavarian Auto Group
BAG is an automobile manufacturer based in Cairo that assembles models from various manufacturers, especially BMW models.

Commercial International Bank
CIB is the largest private sector bank in Egypt.

Cook Door
Cook Door is a chain of fast-food restaurants based in Cairo. It is one of Egypt's fast-food chains, along with Smiley's Grill and Mo'men.

Corona
The Egyptian chocolate has been around since 1919.

Eastern Tobacco
Eastern Company S.A.E became great with tobacco products from Egypt. for products such as Egypt's No. 1 brand of cigarette, Cleopatra. Today it is part of the joint stock company Chemical Industries Holding S.A.E.

Egyptalum
Egyptalum is an Egyptian company engaged in the manufacture and sale of aluminum products.

Egyptian Natural Gas Holding Company
EGAS is a state-owned holding company; it owns and manages the state's interests in the country's various gas projects.

Egyptian Media Production City
EMPC supplies and rents production equipment for television, cinema and media, offers complementary services, and produces cultural, theatrical and children's programs.

Egyptian Petrochemicals Holding Company
ECHEM was established in January 2002 to manage and develop the Petrochemicals industry in Egypt; it is one of several specialized bodies of the Egyptian Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources, the others being Egyptian Mineral Resources Authority (EMRA), the Egyptian General Petroleum Corporation (EGPC), the Egyptian Natural Gas Holding Company, and the Ganoub El-Wadi Petroleum Holding Co. (GANOPE).

Egypt Post
Egypt's postal service was established in 1865.

Elsewedy Electric
Elsewedy Electric is a large Egyptian manufacturer of electrical components.

Ghabbour Group
GB Auto is an Egyptian vehicle manufacturer headquartered in Cairo.

Mall of Egypt
Shopping mall in Cairo with the usual department stores and the country's first indoor snow park.

Mansour Group
Mansour Group is a family-owned multinational conglomerate and the second largest company in Egypt by revenue.

Telecom Egypt
Egypt's primary telephone company started in 1854 with the first telegraph line in Egypt.

Travco Group
Travco Group is a travel and leisure, tourism development and management conglomerate.




Transportation

Nile cruises with Steigenberger's 5-star deluxe ship Omar El Khayam.
Nile cruises on Lake Nasser with Steigenberger's 5-star deluxe ship Omar El Khayam.
Image: Steigenberger Hotels


Air
Air Cairo
Egyptian low-cost carrier based at Cairo International Airport.

EgyptAir
The national flag carrier airline.

Egypt International Airports:
City, Location: Alexandria, Borg El Arab Airport (HBE) and El Nhouza Airport, IATA Airport code: ALY (closed until further notice)
City, Location: Aswan, Daraw Airport, IATA Airport code: ASW
City, Location: Cairo Int'l, IATA Airport code: CAI
City, Location: Hurghada Int'l, IATA Airport code: HRG
City, Location: Luxor, IATA Airport code: LXR
City, Location: Sharm El Sheikh, IATA Airport code: SSH

International Airports around the world

Railroad
Egyptian National Railways
The national railway of Egypt.

Ferries
Arab Bridge Maritime
Ferry service joint venture between the governments of Jordan, Egypt and Iraq.

Ports
Alexandria Port Authority
Egypt has a total of 15 commercial ports on the coasts of the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. The port of Alexandria is the largest in the country and handles around 55% of Egypt's international trade.

Suez Canal Authority
The Suez Canal Authority (SCA) manages, operates, uses, maintains and improves the Suez Canal.


Central hall of Ramses Train Station in Cairo
The central hall of Ramses Station. The main railway station of Cairo is located at Ramses Square (Mīdān Ramsīs). The station was built in 1856 as the terminus of the first railroad connection from Alexandria to Cairo.
Image: Mark Fischer


 


 


Tourism in Egypt



Red Sea beach at Nuweiba, Sinai Peninsula
View of the beach at Nuweiba, a coastal town on the eastern side of the Sinai Peninsula in the Asian part of Egypt. The port city lies between the Sinai mountains and the Gulf of Aqaba of the Red Sea. There is a ferry service between Nuweiba and the city of Aqaba in Jordan.
Image: Ahmedherz


Destination Egypt - Travel and Tour Guides



Advertisement

Discover Egypt: Giza pyramid complex and Great Sphinx, rather old and rather impressive ancient Egyptian style burial site. Luxor's Karnak Temple and the Valley of the Kings, another testimony of the amazing Egyptian death cult at Luxor. Nile River, Egypt's lifeline. Cairo, the capital city and cultural and political center of the country, offers museums, monuments, mosques, and madrassas. Abydos is one of the oldest cities of ancient Egypt and the site of many ancient temples. Abu Simbel, two huge, old rock temples dedicated to Pharaoh Ramesses II and his wife Nefertari.

The Red Sea offers tourist resorts at Hurghada and near Nuweiba on Egypt's mainland and Sharm el-Sheikh, and Dahab on the Sinai peninsula. Saqqara, ancient burial ground with a step pyramid. The large Siwa Oasis is an isolated settlement near the Libyan border, with the ruins of an oracle of Ammon.

Country Guides:

Egyptian Tourism Authority
Official site for the Government Tourist Offices in the Americas.

Tour Egypt
An Egypt guide with over 15,000 pages of information about every aspect of travel, ancient and modern Egypt.

Egypt Travel Guide | Foul For A Fool
Foul For a Fool is an alternative guide to Egypt.

Wikivoyage Logo Wikivoyage: Egypt
Egypt by the free worldwide travel guide.


City Guides:

Cairo Governorate
The official website of the city of Cairo.
egy.com
Cairo's recollections online - Egypt's first website and a journey into bygone days of Egypt.
Alexandria
The official website of the city of Alexandria.
Gizeh
The Official website of the city of Gizeh.

Cities in Egypt:
Alexandria, Cairo, Luxor, Port Said, Sharm el-Sheikh, Suez


Portrait of the Great Sphinx at Giza
The Sphinx in Giza, the huge limestone statue on the Giza Plateau near the pyramids. The 4500-year-old monument is one of the most famous sights in Egypt.
Image: Myousry6666


 


 


UNESCO World Heritage Sites


Entrance to the Great Temple of Ramses II at Abu Simbel
Entrance to the Great Temple of Ramses II at Abu Simbel. The two rock temples on the western shore of Lake Nasser near the Egyptian border with Sudan are more than 3000 years old. They were relocated in the 1960s to protect them from the rising waters of the Nile after the construction of the Aswan Dam.
Image: Angel Aroca Escámez
 

UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Egypt
There are seven UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Egypt, six cultural and one natural. Additionally, 34 properties are listed in UNESCO's Tentative List, an inventory of those properties which each state party intends to consider for nomination. (see the List of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Egypt).

The following links lead to a detailed description of the respective World Heritage Site at UNESCO.


World Heritage Site Abu Mena
Abu Mena in the Mariut desert was an early Christian pilgrimage center built over the tomb of the martyr Menas of Alexandria.

World Heritage Site Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis
Thebes (today Luxor), the city of the god Amon, was the capital of Egypt during the period of the Middle and New Kingdoms.

World Heritage Site Historic Cairo
One of the world's oldest Islamic cities was founded in the 10th century.

World Heritage Site Memphis and its Necropolis – the Pyramid Fields from Giza to Dahshur
Capital of the Old Kingdom of Egypt and one of the Seven Wonders of the World.

World Heritage Site Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae
Contains the relocated monuments of the two Temples of Ramses II at Abu Simbel and the Sanctuary of Isis at Philae.

World Heritage Site Saint Catherine Area
The Orthodox Monastery of St. Catherine is located at the foot of Mount Horeb (Mount Sinai), where, according to the Old Testament, Moses received the tablets of the Law.
The whole area is sacred to the three world religions: Christianity, Islam and Judaism. The monastery, founded in the 6th century, is the oldest Christian monastery still in use in its original function.


Saint Catherine's Monastery on the Sinai Peninsula
The Sacred Monastery of the God-Trodden Mount Sinai on the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt. According to the Old Testament, Mount Sinai was the place where Moses received the tablets with the Ten Commandments. St. Catherine's Monastery, founded in the 6th century, is one of the oldest monasteries of Christianity still inhabited.
Image: Joonas Plaan
 

 


Education in Egypt



Al-Azhar University in Medieval Cairo
The courtyard of Al-Azhar University, a public university in Medieval Cairo. The mosque is Egypt's oldest degree-granting institution and is renowned as the most prestigious university for Islamic learning. In addition to higher education, Al-Azhar oversees a national network of schools with approximately two million students.
Image: jonramlan


Ministry of Education Egypt
Official Website of the Ministry for Education.

Ain Shams University
The third-oldest Egyptian University, founded in 1950.

Al-Azhar University
One of the most prestigious centers of Islamic and Arabic learning in the world, founded in 970.

Cairo University
The Cairo University, with its main campus in Giza, is the largest university in the Middle East and Egypt's premier public university. The university was founded in 1908; it is the second oldest university in Egypt.

Central Library Cairo University
The website of the library.

Wikipedia W List of universities in Egypt
Wikipedia's list of universities in Egypt.



 


Environment & Nature



Rugged mountains on the Sinai Peninsula
Rugged mountains in the southern part of the Sinai Peninsula. These mountains include Mount Katherine (Gabal Katrîne), which at 2,629 meters is the highest mountain in Egypt.
Image: Ehab ahmed mohammed

Government Bodies
Ministry of Environment - EEAA
Official website of the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA).


Egypt NGOs
Association for the Protection of the Environment (APE)
A.P.E. works with the informal garbage collectors of Cairo known as the Zabbaleen. Our aim is to help this traditionally marginalized group find innovative ways to support the environment and aid themselves.

Center for Environment & Development for the Arab Region and Europe (CEDARE)
The center acts as a catalyst, facilitating collaborative action between the Arab Region, Europe, and the International Community in the fields of environment and development.

Organic Egypt
Organic Egypt was established in 2018 to develop and enrich the organic agriculture sector in Egypt.

Wadi Environmental Science Centre
The Wadi Environmental Science Centre (WESC) was established in 1998 and is dedicated to progressive outdoor environmental education.


Mushroom rock in the White Desert National Park
A mushroom rock in the White Desert National Park northeast of Farafra, New Valley Governorate, Egypt.
Image: L-BBE

National Parks

White Desert National Park
Sahara el Beyda, the White Desert Protected Area, is a national park in Egypt. The region is famous for its large white chalk rock formations, created through erosion by wind and sand. The protected area in the Farafra depression serves as the refuge for various animals such as Dorcas gazelles, jackals, fennec foxes and Sand Cats.
The national park is located 45 km north of the town of Qsar El Farafra. Parts of the park are in the Farafra Oasis (New Valley Governorate).

Gabal Elba
Wikipedia article about Gabal Elba, also known as Elba Mountain, a 1,435 m peak in the Elba Natural Protected Area in the mountainous region of the Halaib Triangle. The Halaib Triangle is located in the southeastern corner of Egypt on the Red Sea coast; it is claimed by both Egypt and Sudan but is currently under Egyptian control.

Ras Muhammad National Park
Wikipedia article about Ras Muhammad National Park in Egypt. The Marine Protected Area is located on the southern tip of the Sinai Peninsula and near the tourist stronghold of Sharm El-Sheikh. The Saudi Arabian islands of Sanafir and Tiran are also included.

Natural Protectorates Description
Information about Egypt's protected areas by the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA).


 


Egypt History



The Battle of the Pyramids painting
The Battle of the Pyramids. The painting depicts the French invasion of Egypt under Napoléon Bonaparte, who won a decisive victory over the local Mamluks and wiped out almost the entire Ottoman army in Egypt.
Painting: Louis-François, Baron Lejeune (1775-1848).


Ancient Egypt lasted for more than 3000 years. The most famous are the successive dynasties of the ancient united Kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt. In this period, they invented large-scale agriculture along the fertile lower reaches of the Nile to feed a growing population. They invented paper made from papyrus, and they used hieroglyphs, one of the earliest human writing systems. The ancient Egyptians built the Canal of the Pharaohs, the forerunner of the Suez Canal, and the pyramids (around 2,500 BCE), impressive royal tombs.
The end of the ancient Egyptian Empire is believed to have been caused by economic decline and a breakdown of the centralized system of government. Climatic changes that affected the course of the Nile River and its water level probably also played an important role.
Egypt's history has seen many cultures come and go. At the end of dynastic Egypt, its territory was then successively occupied (for some time) by Libyan Berbers, Assyrians, Persians, and the army of Alexander the Great of ancient Macedonia (Greece).

In 31 BC, Egypt came under Roman rule; Queen Cleopatra committed suicide after Octavian's army defeated her forces. Most scholars refer to her death as the end of the ancient Egyptian Empire.
For the next 600 years, Egypt was a province of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire).

Christianity came to Egypt at the beginning of the 1st century and largely supplanted the Egyptian religion in the 4th century. [National Geographic]

Between 639 and 646 AD, the Muslim conquest of Egypt ended Byzantine rule over the country, and Egypt became part of the Arab Rashidun Caliphate. The region was then ruled by various Muslim Arab powers (caliphates) until it was absorbed into the Turkish Ottoman empire in 1517.

In 1798, Napoléon Bonaparte led the French Armée d'Orient into Egypt and in a short time conquered Alexandria and then Cairo. But Napoléon's fleet, which anchored at Abu Qir Bay, was destroyed by the British under the command of Admiral Nelson. In October of the same year, dissatisfaction with the French-led to an uprising of the Cairo population.


History of modern Egypt
According to most scholars, the history of modern Egypt begins with the start of the reign of Muhammad Ali Pasha in 1805. (Wikipedia article about the history of modern Egypt)

Egypt profile - Timeline
Timeline of Egypt's history by the BBC.

History of Egypt
From Ancient to Modern History of Egypt by Egypt TourismNet.

Ancient Egypt
The Archeological Map of Egypt
The project puts all the Egyptian archeological sites on a multimedia geographic information system to document the Egyptian archeological heritage.

Abzu Regional Index: Egypt
Index of resources for the study of ancient Egypt, Oriental Institute, University of Chicago.

Early Egypt
The British Museum's exhibition about Early Egypt, the period from 11000 to 2600 BC.

Ancient Egypt Online
A UK-based site dedicated to the culture, language, religion, and history of Ancient Egypt.

The Ancient Egypt Site
The history, language, and culture of Ancient Egypt by Egyptologist Jacques Kinnear.

Ancient History Encyclopedia: Egypt
Comprehensive portal with information about Egypt's ancient history.

Eternal Egypt
Site about five thousand years of Egyptian civilization, view artifacts, interactive maps, and timelines.

Guardian's Egypt
A cyber journey to Ancient Egypt

International Association of Egyptologists
Egyptology international.

KMT
A modern journal of Ancient Egypt.

The Pharaonic Village
A journey back in time.

New Kingdom of Egypt
Wikipedia article about the New Kingdom, also known as the Egyptian Empire; it was Egypt's most prosperous time and marked the peak of its power - and its decline.

 

 


Additional Information


Selected country profiles of Egypt published by international organizations.


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Amnesty International: Egypt
Amnesty International is a non-governmental organization focused on human rights.

BBC Country Profile: Egypt
Country profiles by the British public service broadcaster.

BTI Transformation Index Egypt
Egypt Country Report 2020 by Bertelsmann Stiftung.

FAO: Egypt
UN Food and Agriculture Organization.

Freedom House: Egypt
The U.S. government-funded non-profit organization whose goal is to promote liberal democracies worldwide.

GlobalEDGE: Egypt
Egypt ranking by the Global business knowledge portal.

The Heritage Foundation: Egypt
Index of Economic Freedom by The Heritage Foundation, an American conservative think tank.

Human Rights Watch: Egypt
HRW conducts research and advocacy on human rights.

OEC: Egypt
The Observatory of Economic Complexity provides the latest international trade data.

Reporters Without Borders: Egypt
RSF (Reporters sans frontières) is an international NGO that defends and promotes media freedom.

Wikipedia: Egypt
Wikipedia's Egypt page in many languages.

World Bank Data: Egypt
World Development Indicators database.

The CIA World Factbook -- Egypt
CIA World Factbook Egypt Page.
 

 



 
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