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Poland


The Teutonic Order Castle in Malbork at Nogat River, Poland
The Castle of the Teutonic Order in Malbork is a 13th-century castle and fortress located on the eastern bank of the Nogat River near the city of Malbork. Malbork Castle is the largest brick complex in Europe and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Image: Gregy

 
Location map of Poland. Where in Europe is Poland?
Location map of Poland


Flag of Poland
Flag of Poland




Destination Poland, a Nations Online country profile of the Republic of Poland, a member state of the European Union in central Europe with a coastline on the Baltic Sea.

Poland borders Germany in the west, the Czech Republic (Czechia) in the southwest, Slovakia in the south, Ukraine in the southeast, Belarus in the east, and Lithuania and Russia in the northeast. The country also shares maritime borders with Denmark and Sweden.

Poland covers an area of 312,685 km², making it slightly larger than Italy or somewhat smaller than the US state of New Mexico.

Poland has a population of 38 million people (Dec 2021); the largest city and capital is Warsaw. The official language is Polish, which consists of four major dialect groups. The overwhelming majority (about 87%) of the Polish population is Roman Catholic.


Republic of Poland | Rzeczpospolita Polska

Background:

Poland gained its independence in 1918, only to be overrun first by Germany and then by the Soviet Union in World War II. After the war, it became one of the seven Soviet satellite states, but one that was comparatively tolerant and progressive.
Labor turmoil in 1980 led to the formation of the independent trade union "Solidarity" (Solidarność) that over time became a political force and, by 1990, had swept parliamentary elections and the presidency.

A "shock therapy" program during the early 1990s enabled the country to transform its economy into one of the most robust in Central Europe, boosting hopes for acceptance to the EU. Poland became a full member of the European Union on 1 May 2004.
 

 


Country Profile


Official Name:
Rzeczpospolita Polska
short form: Polska
int'l long form: Republic of Poland
int'l short form: Poland

ISO Country Code: pl, POL

Time:
Time Zone: Central European Time (CET)
Local Time = UTC +1h (in summer +2h)
Actual Time: Sun-Mar-17  16:42

Country Calling Code: +48

Capital City: Warsaw (Warszawa; pop. 1.7 million)

Other Cities: Lodz (776 000), Krakow (758 000), Wroclaw (637 000), Poznan (573 000), Gdansk (460 000).

...show more



 


Official Sites of Poland


Front of the Presidential Palace in Warsaw
The Presidential Palace in Warsaw, with the equestrian statue of Prince Józef Poniatowski. The palace is the official seat of the Polish President.
Image: kk nationsonline.org


Political System of Poland


The political system of Poland is that of a semi-presidential parliamentary republic with a representative democracy and a bicameral parliament (Zgromadzenie Narodowe). Poland's National Assembly consists of the 460-member Sejm (lower house) and a 100-member Senate.

Head of state is the president; he has the power to dissolve parliament in special cases. The head of government is the prime minister, who is the leader of the cabinet (council of ministers). Poland's legislative power is vested in the parliament.

Poland joined the EU in 2004.

Since 2015, the country's ruling party has consistently promoted reforms that weaken judicial independence. The steady erosion of the rule of law and democratic oversight has created conditions for corruption to flourish at the highest levels of power.
With their recent pushback against the EU for making the rule of law a condition for EU funds, Polish political leaders put democracy and anti-corruption reforms at risk. [TI]


Government
Note: External links will open in a new browser window.


Poland.pl
The official information portal of the Republic of Poland.

Gov.pl
Government of Poland official website (in Polish)

President of the Republic of Poland
Poland's President.


Poland's Parliament
Sejm
The lower chamber of the Parliament.
Senat
The upper chamber of the Parliament.


Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Poland. (Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych)

Diplomatic Missions
Polish Missions Abroad
Address list of Polish Missions Abroad.
Foreign Embassies in Poland
Downloadable address list of foreign embassies in Poland.


Statistics
Polska Statystyka Publiczna
The Central Statistical Office of Poland.


Weather
Instytut Meteorologii i Gospodarki Wodnej (IMGW)
Institute of Meteorology and Water Management.
 

 


Maps of Poland



Poland political Map
Map of Poland (click map to enlarge)
Image: © nationsonline.org


Maps


profile Map of Poland
Political Map of Poland.
profile Administrative Map of Poland Regions
Map showing the administrative divisions of Poland.
Google Earth Google Earth Poland (Polska)
Searchable map/satellite view of Poland.
Google Earth Google Earth Warsaw (Warszawa)
Searchable map/satellite view of Poland's capital city.


Map of Central and Eastern Europe
Political map of Central and Eastern Europe.
Map of the Baltic Sea Area
Political map of the Baltic Sea region.
Map of Europe
Political Map of Europe.
 

 


News of Poland



Polish Newsstand

Newspapers from Poland



Polish news online

Major newspapers and news agencies of Poland.

Polska Agencja Prasowa
PAP is the national news agency of Poland and the single largest source of news from the country.

Fakt
Fakt is a Polish centrist, populist tabloid daily published by a Swiss-German joint-venture subsidiary of Axel Springer (BILD) and Ringier (BLICK).

Dziennik Gazeta Prawna
DGP is a center-right Polish business daily newspaper headquartered in Warsaw.

Gazeta Wyborcza
Liberal Gazeta Wyborcza was Poland's first independent daily newspaper after the era of "real socialism."

Rzeczpospolita
Liberal-conservative Polish national daily newspaper.

Super Express
Super Express is a populist, nationalist Polish tabloid published in Warsaw with the third largest circulation in the country.

Warsaw Business Journal
English-language weekly newspaper for business and finance.

The Warsaw Voice
English-language newspaper with Polish and Central European news.

Wprost
Polish weekly newsmagazine published in Poznań with national and international news (in Polish).


Wikipedia W List of Polish newspapers
Wikipedia's comprehensive list of newspapers in Poland.


News portals

INTERIA
Poland portal site offers Polish and international headlines.


TV
TVP - Telewizja Polska S.A.
TVP is the Polish Public Television. The station offers news in Polish.


Poland related international news sources

Al Jazeera - Poland
Al Jazeera covering Polish events.

AP News - Poland
Poland-related news from The Associated Press.

BBC-logo BBC - Poland profile
BBC profile about the Polish media.


 

 


Arts & Culture of Poland


The Palace of Culture and Science in Warsaw, Poland's capital city.
The Palace of Culture and Science is a nearly 70-year-old controversial building in the center of Warsaw. It was Poland's answer to the skyscrapers in New York and the high-rises in Moscow. With a total height of 237 m, it is the second tallest building in Poland after the future Varso Tower.
Image: Iwona Castiello d'Antonio


Arts & Culture


Culture.pl
Amazing portal website about Polish culture.

Frédéric Chopin (1810-1849)
Comprehensive Chopin website, created under the supervision of the Fryderyk Chopin Society, offers a great deal of information about the Poland-born composer.

Krzysztof Kieslowski
Wikipedia page about the Polish Filmmaker.

Konrad Korzeniowski - Joseph Conrad
A chronology of Joseph Conrad's life and works. Conrad is regarded as one of the greatest novelists.

Roman Polanski
Wikipedia page about the scandal-ridden Polish director known for his films Rosemary's Baby, Chinatown, Tess, Venus in Fur and The Pianist.


Museums

Museum of the History of Polish Jews in Warsaw
Museum of the History of Polish Jews in Warsaw. Reconstruction of the synagogue in Gwoździec.
Image: Pudelek
 
Poznan National Museum
The museum is a national institution of culture and one of the largest museums in Poland. It comprises a collection of Polish and European art (Italian, Spanish, Dutch, and German).


POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews
POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews is a museum on the site of the former Warsaw Ghetto. The Hebrew word Polin in the museum's English name means either "Poland" or "rest here" and relates to a legend about the arrival of the first Jews to Poland.


National Museum Warsaw
The museum is a national cultural institution and one of the largest museums in Poland. It includes a rich collection of ancient art (Egyptian, Greek, Roman), an extensive gallery of Polish paintings since the 16th century and a collection of foreign paintings (Italian, French, Dutch, German and Russian).


Altarpiece by Veit Stoss in St. Mary's Basilica, Kraków
Altarpiece by Veit Stoss in St. Mary's Basilica, Kraków
Image: kk nationsonline.org
 
Palace of Culture and Science
Motivated by Polish historical architecture and American art deco high-rise buildings, the PKiN was designed by Soviet Russian architect Lev Rudnev in "Seven Sisters" style and is informally referred to as the Eighth Sister.


Royal Castle Warsaw
The Royal Castle in Warsaw is a royal residence that formerly served as the official home of Polish monarchs throughout the centuries. It is situated in Castle Square, at the entrance to the Warsaw Old Town.


Museum of the Second World War
The museum in Gdańsk is a state cultural institution established in 2008, devoted to the Second World War.


Visual Arts:
Museum of Modern Art in Warsaw
Muzeum Sztuki Nowoczesnej w Warszawie is a museum of contemporary art in Warsaw.

Museum of Contemporary Art in Kraków
The Museum of Contemporary Art in Kraków (MOCAK) is an art gallery in Kraków in a demolished part of the factory of Oskar Schindler. The gallery presents contemporary art and artists, particularly art from the last two decades.

Galeria Zachęta
The Zachęta National Gallery of Art is a contemporary art museum in the center of Warsaw.


The Grand Theatre building
The Warsaw National Theater.
Image: ekeidar
 
Theater/Opera:
Grand Theatre, Warsaw
The Grand Theatre in Warsaw, aka the Grand Theatre–National Opera, is a theater and opera complex on the historic Theatre Square in central Warsaw. It houses the Polish National Opera and the Polish National Ballet and, with over 2,000 seats, is one of the largest theaters in the world.

National Polish Radio Symphony Orchestra (NOSPR)
NOSPR is one of Poland's premier radio orchestras and a "National Cultural Institution."

National Theater Warsaw
The National Theatre in Warsaw, Poland, was founded in 1765, during the Polish Enlightenment, by that country's monarch, Stanisław August Poniatowski. The theatre shares the Grand Theatre complex at the Theatre Square in Warsaw with another national venue, Poland's National Opera.

Polish Theater Wroclaw
The Teatr Polski we Wrocławiu is a theater in the Polish city of Wrocław. It is known for its experimental ensemble and its diverse repertoire.



 



Business & Economy of Poland



Northern Shipyard of Gdańsk
The Northern Shipyard of Gdańsk (Remontowa Shipbuilding). The shipyard specializes in the repair and conversion of ships. The history of shipbuilding in what is now Poland began in the 1850s when the first docks were built in Gdańsk and Szczecin (Danzig and Stettin; then Prussian territory). The purpose of the facilities was to provide the burgeoning Prussian economy with fast and modern steel ships. [TransNav]
Image: Andrzej Otrębski


Economy of Poland

Poland's main industry is machine building, iron and steel production, coal mining (55% of the country's primary energy consumption), chemicals, shipbuilding, food processing, furniture, glass, beverages and textiles.

Poland's economy was the only one in the European Union to avoid a recession through the 2008-09 economic downturn. While the Polish economy has performed well, growth slowed in 2013 and 2014, in part due to the ongoing economic difficulties in the eurozone. But Poland's economic performance could improve if it addresses some of the remaining deficiencies in its road and rail infrastructure, business environment, rigid labor code, the commercial court system, government red tape, and burdensome tax system.


Narodowy Bank Polski
National Bank of Poland, NBP, is the central bank of Poland.

Warsaw Stock Exchange
Official website of the Warsaw Stock Exchange, Poland's stock market - GPW (Giełda Papierów Wartościowych w Warszawie)

Polish Investment and Trade Agency
Polish government agency promoting Poland as a destination for foreign investment.


Major companies in Poland

Grohman's factory in Łódź
Power station in Scheibler's and Grohman's factory in Łódź.
Image: Marian Naworski

ArcelorMittal Polska
ArcelorMittal Polska is an offshoot of the multinational steel group headquartered in Luxembourg City. ArcelorMittal operates the Katowice and Tadeusz Sendzimir Steelworks in Poland.

Biedronka
Biedronka is the largest chain of discount shops and supermarkets in Poland. It is owned by the Portuguese group Jerónimo Martins.

Cyfrowy Polsat
Cyfrowy Polsat S.A. is a Polish DTH platform (Satellite Direct-to-Home). It was launched on 5 December 1999 and is the fifth-largest digital platform in Europe and the largest in Central and Eastern Europe.

Eurocash
A Polish group of companies with various interests including retail, hypermarkets, catering and Sieć Sklepów ABC and Lewiatan (Polish 7-Eleven). [1]

Grupa Lotos
Grupa Lotos is a petroleum company based in Gdańsk that produces and refines crude oil and distributes petroleum products. Lotos operates over 400 service stations in Poland.

KGHM Polska Miedź
KGHM is Poland's state-owned mining company and a major copper and silver producer. The company operates mines in the USA, Canada, Chile and Poland.

PGE Polska Grupa Energetyczna
PGE is a state-owned company and the largest electricity producer in Poland.

PKN Orlen
PKN Orlen is a Polish state oil refiner and petrol retailer and the largest company in Central and Eastern Europe.

Polsat
The most-watched television channel in Poland.

Poczta Polska
Poczta Polska, the Polish postal service, is the largest mail-handling company in the country.

Remontowa
Remontowa Shiprepair Yard S.A. specializes in repairs, conversions and modernization of ships and offshore units.

Volkswagen Poznań
Volkswagen Poznań, part of the German Volkswagen AG, has been a plant producing commercial vehicles and components in Poznań for 15 years.

Żabka
Żabka Polska is a chain with more than 7,000 convenience stores throughout Poland.


Other major international companies operating in Poland include Auchan (France), BP (UK), Kaufland (Germany), LG Electronics (South Korea), Lidl (Germany), Orange (France), Philip Morris (US-Switzerland), Ryanair (Ireland) and Tesco (UK).


A BAE Avro on approach to Warsaw Airport.
A Lufthansa BAE Systems Avro 146 jetliner, with activated airbrakes at the tail, while approaching Warsaw Airport.
Image: Kuba Bożanowski
 

Transportation

Airlines
LOT
LOT Polish Airlines is the flag carrier of Poland and one of the world's oldest airlines in operation.
Buzz
Buzz, a Polish airline, headquartered in Warsaw, operates scheduled flights on behalf of Ryanair (Ireland).
Enter Air
Enter Air is a Polish low-cost charter airline and currently the biggest such company in Poland.

Airports
Warsaw Frederic Chopin Airport
Poland's busiest airport (IATA: WAW).
Kraków John Paul II International Airport
Poland's second-largest airport. (IATA: KRK)

Ferries
Polferries
Polferries is the largest Polish ferry operator.

Rail
Polskie Koleje Państwowe SA
PKP Polish Railroad (Polish)
PKP Intercity
PKP Polish Intercity (Polish)

Polrail
Jeffrey Dobek's rail travel guide takes you through the basics of taking a train trip in Poland.


Intercity (Pendolino train) at Krakow train station
Intercity (Pendolino train) at Kraków Główny train station, Poland.
Image: Kgbo
 

 


Tourism in Poland



Kraków Cloth Hall, main market square in Krakow
The Kraków Cloth Hall on the main market in Krakow, the second-largest city and historical capital of Poland. The market is the center of the old town; it was laid out in the 13th century and is one of the largest medieval squares in Europe, covering an area of about 40,000 m².
Image: Maatex


Destination Poland - Travel and Tour Guides



Advertisement

Discover Poland:

Accommodation, hotels, attractions, festivals, events, tourist boards, biking, hiking, climbing, cruising, tours, and much more.

Some of Poland's main attractions are the Altarpiece by Veit Stoss in St. Mary's Basilica in Kraków, the Castle of the Teutonic Order in Malbork, the Masurian Lakeland, the Ojców National Park near Kraków, the Tatra National Park, the Warsaw Old Town Market Square, Wilanów Palace near Warsaw, the Wawel Royal Castle in Kraków and the Wieliczka Salt Mine.

Country Guides

Polish Tourist Organization
Website of the nationwide system of tourist information and promotion for Poland on the Internet, presented and managed by the Polish Tourist Organization.

Poland.pl
The official information portal of the Republic of Poland.

Wikivoyage Logo Wikivoyage: Poland
The free worldwide travel guide in many languages about traveling in Poland.


City Guides

At the Old Town Market Place of Warsaw
At the Old Town Market Place of Warsaw.
Image: kk

Warszawa
Official site of Poland's capital city.

Gdansk (Danzig)
The city of Gdansk, Poland's maritime capital.

Krakow
The city of Krakow is the second-largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland.

Poznan
Poznan is one of the richest cities in historical monuments in Poland.

Wroclaw (Breslau)
Official website of the multicultural municipality, the former capital of Silesia.



Słowiński National Park near Leba in Poland.
The Słowiński National Park is located near Łeba on the Polish Baltic coast and is known for its huge shifting dunes. Łeba is one of several popular Polish seaside towns such as Dębki, Gdynia, Hel, Kolobrzeg, Międzyzdroje and Sopot.
Image: Jochen Sievert
 

 


What is Poland famous for?


Oldest Resturant
Piwnica Świdnicka, the medieval cellars of the Old Town Hall in Wrocław, is the oldest restaurant in Poland, founded in 1273.
Image: Klearchos Kapoutsis
 
Masurian Lakeland
The Masurian Lake District is a landscape of countless lakes nestled between rolling hills in northeastern Poland.

The Białowieża Forest is one of the last and largest remnants of the vast primeval forest that once stretched across the European Plain. The forest is home to about 1,000 European bison and is located on the territory of Poland and Belarus.

European bison
The last wild European bison in Poland were almost wiped out by German occupation soldiers during the First World War. Today there are more than 2,000 free-roaming bison in Poland's Białowieża Forest.

Polish Folk Dolls
Handmade dolls with funny folk costumes are a famous product from Krakow, Poland.

Amber
Amber, the fossilized tree resin, also known as the Baltic Gold, has been harvested in the region since Neolithic times. Gdansk is known as the capital of Baltic Amber.

Wieliczka salt mine
The Wieliczka salt mine near Krakow.
Image: Davis Staedtler
 
Polish salt
Since the Neolithic Age, common salt (rock salt) was extracted from the upwelling water, which was heavily impregnated with salt, in the Wieliczka salt mine.

Food
Poland is known as a nation that loves to drink (just like many other European countries). The country is known for its Vodka and beer culture. Poland's most popular beers are Żywiec, Okocim, Tyskie and Żubr.
Poland, Russia and Sweden argue about who is the country of origin of vodka. There is no real winner. Anyhow, Poland is regarded as one of the world's leading exporters of vodka.

Bigos stew, the Polish national dish, is prepared with sauerkraut, tomatoes and smoked Polish sausages.

Kielbasa, meat sausages from Poland seasoned with spices, mustard seeds, salt and garlic.

Pierogi are filled dumplings made of unleavened dough with a savory or sweet filling and cooked in boiling water. They are still a traditional Polish dish.

Piwnica Świdnicka in Wrocław (aka Breslau) has been in operation almost continuously since about 1273, making it the oldest restaurant in present-day Poland.

People
Born in Warsaw, Marie Curie was a physicist and chemist known for being one of the first women to shape science. She conducted pioneering research on radioactivity at the Sorbonne in Paris. She was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903 (together with her husband Pierre Curie and French physicist Becquerel), the first woman to win a Nobel Prize. She received a second Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1911, making her the only person to win the Nobel Prize in two scientific fields.

Frédéric Chopin is probably the most famous Polish composer and pianist. Chopin was a genius in the field of piano music but gave only 30 public performances in 30 years of concert activity.

Nicolaus Copernicus, a mathematician and astronomer, revolutionized the worldview by creating a model of the universe that placed the sun, not the earth, at the center.

Stanisław Lem, the famous science-fiction writer and futurist.

Pope John Paul II., born Karol Józef Wojtyła, was bishop of Rome, the head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 1978 until his death in 2005. He was the first non-Italian pope in 455 years.

Henryk Wieniawski was a gifted Polish violinist of the 19th century.





UNESCO World Heritage Sites


Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration and extermination camp
Auschwitz-Birkenau. Birkenau, or as some call it, Auschwitz II, was a concentration and extermination camp built and operated by Nazi Germany with the goal of making Europe "judenrein" (free of Jews).
Image: Dieglop


UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Poland



There are 17 UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Poland, 15 cultural and two natural sites. Additionally, five properties are listed in UNESCO's Tentative List, an inventory of those properties which each state party intends to consider for nomination. (see the List of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Poland).


World Heritage Site Auschwitz Birkenau
The fortified walls, barbed wire, platforms, barracks, gallows, gas chambers, and cremation ovens show the conditions in which the Nazi genocide took place in the former concentration and extermination camp Auschwitz-Birkenau, the largest in the Third Reich. According to historical investigations, 1.5 million people, among them a great number of Jews, were systematically starved, tortured, and murdered in this camp, the symbol of humanity's cruelty to its fellow human beings in the 20th century.


World Heritage Site Castle of the Teutonic Order in Malbork
The fortified monastery of the Teutonic Order from the 13th century was considerably enlarged and embellished after 1309 when the seat of the Grand Master of Venice was transferred to Malbork. The building was a particularly fine example of a medieval brick castle that later fell into decay but was meticulously restored in the 19th and early 20th centuries.


World Heritage Site Churches of Peace in Jawor and Świdnica
The Churches of Peace in Jawor and Świdnica, the largest timber-framed religious buildings in Europe, were built in the former Silesia in the mid-17th century, amid the religious strife that followed the Peace of Westphalia. Constrained by the physical and political conditions, the Churches of Peace bear testimony to the quest for religious freedom and are a rare expression of Lutheran ideology in an idiom generally associated with the Catholic Church.


Panorama of the Medieval Town of Toruń on the Vistula River, with the city walls and Toruń Cathedral.
The Medieval Town of Toruń on the Vistula River, with the city walls and Toruń Cathedral (r).
Image: Andrzej Otrębski

World Heritage Site Medieval Town of Toruń
Torun owes its origins to the Teutonic Order, which built a castle there in the mid-13th century as a base for the conquest and evangelization of Prussia. It soon developed a commercial role as part of the Hanseatic League. In the town is the house of Nicolaus Copernicus, the Renaissance polymath who formulated a model of the universe that centered on the sun.


World Heritage Site Białowieża Forest
The Białowieża Forest, located on the border between Poland and Belarus, is an extensive primeval forest covering 141,885 hectares of coniferous and deciduous trees.
The forest is home to the largest population of the European bison, also known as the wisent.

 
The Centennial Hall in Wrocław, Poland
The Centennial Hall, formerly named Hala Ludowa ("People's Hall"), is a historic building in Wrocław, Poland. It was constructed according to the plans of architect Max Berg in 1911–1913 when the city was part of the German Empire. The Centennial Hall in Wrocław is a Polish UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Image: Jar.ciurus


 


Education in Poland



Collegium Maximum of  Wrocław University
The Collegium Maximum of Wrocław University, a public research university in Wrocław, the largest city in the historical region of Silesia.
Image: Jar.ciurus


Ministry of Science and Higher Education
The official website of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education.

Jagiellonian University
Jagiellonian University in Kraków was founded in 1364 and is the oldest university in Poland.

University of Gdansk
Largest institute of higher education in the Pomeranian region.

Uniwersytet Lodzki
The State University of Lodz is a fully accredited traditional university.

Uniwersytet Wroclawski
The University of Wroclaw is the largest institution of higher learning in the Silesia region.

Uniwersytet Warszawski
Founded in 1816, the University of Warsaw is Poland's largest and most prestigious university.
 
 

 


Environment & Nature



Wild Bison in Białowieża Forest
Wild bison in the Polish primeval Białowieża Forest, a herd of the heaviest land animal in Europe.
Image: Andrzej Kryszpiniuk


Ministry of Climate and Environment
Official website of the ministry.

National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management
Official website of the fund (in Polish).

Poland's National Parks
A guide to Poland's National Parks.

Polish Society for the Protection of Birds
Website of the society (in Polish)

Polish Society of Wildlife Friends "pro Natura"
Information about the activities of the society (in Polish).


Alpine Tatra Mountains in the Tatra National Park of Poland
The alpine Tatra Mountains in the Tatra National Park in the deep south of Poland.
Image: Qvidemus
 

 


Poland History



Painting: Rafał Hadziewicz - Casimir the Great grants privileges to peasants.
Casimir the Great grants privileges to peasants. He also confirmed privileges and protections previously granted to Jews and encouraged them to settle in Poland in great numbers.
Painting: Rafał Hadziewicz (1803-1886)


State Archives Poland
Poland's National Archives.

Polish History
The online project of the Polish History Museum in Warsaw provides information about Poland's history.

Brief History of Poland
The Fighting Republic of Poland 1939-1945.

Casimir III the Great
Wikipedia page about Casimir III the Great, the King of Poland from 1333 to 1370.

Solidarność
Site about the Independent Self-governing Trade Union "Solidarity" originally led by Lech Wałęsa, which has changed Poland.

Timeline of Polish history
The timeline of Polish history with important legal and territorial changes and political events in Poland.
 

 


 



 
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